7.1 Diffuser
7.2 Fire
7.3 Jetfan
7.4 Sprayhead
7.5 Rain
7.6 Person
7.7 People
7.8 Terrain
7.9 ROOM
7.10 Raingauge
7.11 Pollutants
7.12 Aerosols
7.13 Radiation
7.14 Age of Air
The DIFFUSER dialogs are described in section 3.1.1 above.
The implementation of diffusers follows the recommendations of ASHRAE RP-1009, 'Simplified Diffuser Boundary Conditions for Numerical Room Airflow Models'. The diffuser object can generate the following Q1 settings, in addition to the standard size and position settings.
Diffuser type:
> OBJ, DIFF-TYPE, type
where type can be one of
- ROUND
- VORTEX
- RECTANGULAR
- RECTANGULAR-4WAY
- GRILLE/NOZZLE or
- DISPLACEMENT
Diffuser plane:
> OBJ, PLANE, dir
where dir can be X, Y or Z. This sets the plane the diffuser is located in.
Diffuser diameter (for ROUND or VORTEX diffuser)
> OBJ, DIAMETER, diam
The default diameter is 0.3m. For the other diffuser types, the size is taken from the SIZE attribute.
Diffuser origin:
> OBJ, CENTRE, xpos, ypos, zpos
This sets the coordinates of the centre of the diffuser in the plane, and the location of the face of the diffuser in contact with the mounting surface in the third direction. These values override the POSITION attribute settings. If the CENTRE is not set, it is deduced from the POSITION and SIZE settings. For DISPLACEMENT diffusers, the POSITION and SIZE attributes are used directly.
Active faces (4-WAY and DISPLACEMENT only):
> OBJ, X-FACES, 0/1, 0/1
> OBJ, Y-FACES, 0/1, 0/1
> OBJ, Z-FACES, 0/1, 0/1
where 0 means inactive, 1 means active for the low-coordinate and high coordinate faces respectively.
Supply units:
> OBJ, SUPP-UNIT, unit
where unit can be L/S for supply in litres/s, or M^3/S for supply in cubic metres/s. The default is l/s.
Supply volume:
> OBJ, SUPP-VOL, Q
where Q is the volumetric flow rate supplied by the diffuser in the selected unit system. The default is 250 l/s.
Supply pressure:
> OBJ, SUPP-P, Psupp
where Psupp is the supply pressure (in Pa) relative to the set reference pressure (usually 1atm). The default is zero relative pressure, meaning atmospheric absolute pressure. This value is used to calculate the density at the inlet.
Supply temperature:
> OBJ, SUPP-T, Tsupp
where Tsupp is the temperature of the supplied air, relative to the reference temperature (usually 273K). The default is 25 ºC. This value is used to calculate the density at the inlet.
Diffuser characteristics
Round, vortex and rectangular diffusers can be characterised by either the effective area, or by the throw, terminal velocity and jet decay constant.
If the effective area is set, the effective height is deduced by dividing the effective area by the perimeter P.
Heff = Aeff/P
This is used to set the depth of the diffuser normal to the plane. The inlet velocity is obtained by dividing the supply flow-rate by the effective area.
Uin = Q/Aeff
Effective area (only if Throw not set):
> OBJ, EFF-AREA, Aeff
where the default effective area is 0.5 (50%).
If the throw T (distance at which the terminal velocity is reached), terminal velocity Ut (velocity at the throw distance) and jet decay constant K are set, the plane linear free jet formula:
Ut = Uin K (Heff/T)½
is used to calculate the discharge velocity Uin from:
Uin = Ut2 T P /(K2 Q)
where P is the perimeter of the diffuser. The effective height can now be deduced from:
Heff = Q/ (Uin P)
A grille/nozzle diffuser is treated in a similar fashion, except that the axi-symmetric free jet formula is slightly different:
Ut = Uin K (Aeff)½/T
The actual discharge velocity is:
Uin = Ut2 T2/(K2 Q)
The velocity at which mass enters the system is based on the actual frontal area A:
U = Q/A
Throw settings (only if Effective area not set):
> OBJ, THROW, T
> OBJ, TERM-VEL, Ut
> OBJ, DECAY-CON, K
where the default values are T=2.0, Ut = 0.75 and K=1.1. Values of K for typical situations can be found in the ASHRAE handbook of Fundamentals.
Vortex diffusers also require the swirl angle in degrees to be specified.
Swirl angle (VORTEX diffusers):
> OBJ, SWIRL-ANG, S
where the default swirl angle S is zero.
Area ratio (DISPLACEMENT diffuser only):
> OBJ, AREA-RATIO', Arat
sets the ratio between the actual (open) area and the nominal (dimensional) area for all active faces.
Turbulence inlet value - all diffuser types:
> OBJ, TURB-INTENS, I
where I is the turbulence intensity (%) of the inlet stream. The inlet values of k and e are deduced from:
KEin = (I*Uin)2
EPin = 0.1643*KEin3/2/(0.5*Heff)
or
> OBJ, KE_IN, kein
> OBJ, EP_IN, epin
where kein and epin are the k and e values to be used.
Mounting face for ROUND, VORTEX, RECTANGULAR and 4-WAY, or object side for
GRILLE:
> OBJ, SIDE, High/Low
For round, vortex, rectangular or 4-way diffusers, High means the unit is mounted its increasing-coordinate face e.g. square diffuser in X plane mounted at x=Xmax. Low means the unit is mounted on the decreasing coordinate face e.g. square diffuser in X plane mounted at x=Xmin.
For grille diffusers, it denotes which side of the grille the flow is issuing from.
Direction and symmetry flags for GRILLE diffusers:
X-plane
> OBJ, ANGLE_Y-X, ang_y-x
> OBJ, ANGLE_Z-X, ang_z-x
> OBJ, SYM_V, yes/no
> OBJ, SYM_W, yes/no
Y-plane
> OBJ, ANGLE_X-Y, ang_x-y
> OBJ, ANGLE_Z-Y, ang_z-y
> OBJ, SYM_U, yes/no
> OBJ, SYM_W, yes/no
Z-plane
> OBJ, ANGLE_X-Z, ang_x-z
> OBJ, ANGLE_Y-Z, ang_y-z
> OBJ, SYM_U, yes/no
> OBJ, SYM_V, yes/no
For each plane, these control the angle of the jet normal to the grille, and whether the velocities are symmetric or not.
Units for inlet water vapour:
> OBJ, HUNITS, unit
where unit can be:
Inlet scalar values:
> OBJ, INLET_scal, value
where scal is the name of a solved scalar (often SMOK), and value is the inlet value. If there is more than one solved scalar, there will be one such line for each scalar.
The FIRE dialogs are described in section 3.1.2 above.
The fire object can generate the following Q1 settings, in addition to the standard size and position settings.
Pre-ignition temperature
> OBJ, PRE-TEMP, Tpre
where Tpre is the temperature of the combusting material before combustion. The units are degrees C.
Mass source
> OBJ, MASS-SOURCE, form
where form is one of:
- Heat related
- Fixed Rate
- Pool Fire
- Piece-wise Linear in time
- From table file
Fixed Rate Mass Source value
> OBJ, FXD-MASS, M
where M is the constant mass source for the object in kg/s.
Pool fire settings
> OBJ, BETA, B
> OBJ, COEFA, a
> OBJ, COEFB, b
> OBJ, COEFC, c
where the fire area grows with time according to
Area = a + b * tc,
and the mass release grows as
Mass = Area *( 1-exp(-B*Area.5))
Piecewise Linear with Time settings
> OBJ, MSEG_i, ti, Mi
where i goes from 1 to the number of segments+1, ti is the time at the start of the segment and Mi is the mass release rate in kg/s for the object at time ti. The last MSEG_ line sets the time and mass release at the end of the last segment.
From table file settings
> OBJ, MASS-FILE, file_name
where file_name is the name of the file containing the table of values
Heat Source
> OBJ, HEAT-SOURCE, form
where form is one of
- Mass Related
- Fixed Temp
- Fixed Power
- Linear with Temperature
- Power of time
- Piece-wise Linear in time
- From table file
Fixed Temperature Value
> OBJ, FXD-TEM, Tfix
where Tfix is the fixed temperature in degrees C
Fixed Power Value
> OBJ, FXD-FLU, Qfix
where Qfix is the constant heat release rate in W.
Linear with Temperature settings
> OBJ, COEFFS, a, b
> OBJ, LIMITS, Tmin, Tmax
where the heat source in Watts for each cell within the object is
Q = a+b*(min(Tmax, max(T+TEMP0)),Tmin)
Power of Time settings
> OBJ, COEFFS, a, b
> OBJ, QMAX, Qmax
where the heat source in Watts for each cell within the object is
Q = max(Qmax, a*(t-t0)b) where t is the time in seconds, and t0 is the time at the start of the fire.
Piecewise Linear with Time settings
> OBJ, QSEG_i, ti, Qi
where i goes from 1 to the number of segments+1, ti is the time at the start of the segment and Qi is the heat release rate in Watts for the object at time ti. The last QSEG_ line sets the time and heat release at the end of the last segment.
From table file settings
> OBJ, HEAT-FILE, file_name
where file_name is the name of the file containing the table of values
Scalar Source
> OBJ, SCALAR-SOURCE, form
where form is one of
- Mass Related
- Heat Related
- Fixed Value
Inlet value of scalar
> OBJ, INLET_scal, val
where scal is the name of the scalar, and val is its value. There will be one such line for each scalar.
Combustion efficiency
> OBJ, EFFICIENCY, eff
where eff is the combuston efficiency, taken to be 1/(1+s) where s is the stoichiometric ratio.
Heat of Combustion
> OBJ, HEAT-COMB, Hc
where Hc is the heat of combustion in J/kg.
The JETFAN dialogs are described in section 3.1.3 above.
The jetfan object can generate the following Q1 settings, in addition to the standard size and position settings.
FAN Geometry
> OBJ, FANTYPE, type
where type can be rectangular or round.
Fan Speed
> OBJ, VELOCITY, Velocity
where Velocity is the fan velocity in m/s, defaulted to 22 m/s.
Heat load
> OBJ, HEAT_LOAD, Q
where Q is the heat output in Watts associated with the fan, defaulted to zero.
The rotation centre of a Jetfan object is set to the object centre.
Turbulence intensity
> OBJ, TURB_INTENS, I
where I is the turbulence intensity for the jetfan in %. If the line is absent, a value of zero is assumed and the jetfan has no direct influence on the turbulence quantities.
The SPRAY-HEAD dialogs are described in section 3.1.4 above.
The sprayhead object can generate the following Q1 settings, in addition to the standard size and position settings.
Spray Axis
> OBJ, AXIS, dir
where dir can be X, Y or Z
Spray head radius
> OBJ, Radius, rad
Spray head origin
> OBJ, ORIGIN, x0, y0, z0
The axis, radius and origin settings are combined to generate the object bounding box size and position, overriding the standard SIZE and POSITION settings
The following settings only appear for transient cases.
Calculate link temperature
> OBJ, LINK_T, yes/no
When set to yes, the spray will be activated when the link temperature at the spray location reaches the activation temperature. This time will be printed in the RESULT file, and the link temperatures will be written to tlinkn.csv.
When the link temperature is active, the duration of spraying after activation is written as:
> OBJ, TIME_SPRAY, Tdur
where Tdur is the duration of spraying in seconds.
Activation Temperature
> OBJ, T_ACTIVATE, Tact
where Tact is the required activation temperature
Response time Index
> OBJ, RTI, rti
where rti is the required Response Time Index
Number of injection ports
> OBJ, PORTS, Nports
Total volume flow rate
> OBJ, TOTAL-VOL, Vol
Total velocity
> OBJ, TOTAL-VEL, Vel
Spray angle
> OBJ, ANGLE, ang
Inflow temperature
> OBJ, TEMPERATURE, Tin
Mean diameter for droplets
> OBJ, DMEAN, Dmean
Number of droplet size ranges
> OBJ, NSIZE, Nsize
Minimum droplet diameter
> OBJ, DMIN, Dmin
Maximum droplet diameter
> OBJ, DMAX, Dmax
Spread exponent
> OBJ, SPREAD_EXP, S
The RAIN dialogs are described in section 3.1.5 above.
The rain object can generate the following Q1 settings, in addition to the standard size and position settings.
Number of ports:
> OBJ, PORTS, npx, npy
where nptx and npty are the number of ports in X and Y. X and Y refer to the coordinate system of the rain object itself, which may be rotated relative to the domain coordinate system.
Rainfall rate:
> OBJ, RAINFALL, rate
where rate is the rainfall rate in mm/hr.
Link airflow to tracks:
> OBJ, LINK, NO
If the line is absent or set to YES, the tracks and airflow are linked via GENMAS and GENPAT patches.
Number of droplet sizes:
> OBJ, NSIZE, nsize
where nsize is the number of sizes.
Horizontal velocity components:
> OBJ, HORIZONTAL, Xvel, Yvel
where Xvel is the X-directed velocity and Yvel is the Y-directed velocity.
Droplet sizes:
> OBJ, SIZES, size_1, size_2,... siz_nsize
Up to five sizes can be specified.
Water temperature:
> OBJ, TEMPERATURE, Train
where Train is the initial temperature of the rain droplets.
The PERSON dialogs are described in section 3.1.6 above.
The person object can generate the following Q1 settings, in addition to the standard size and position settings.
Posture
> OBJ, POSTURE, post
where post can be standing, sitting, or user.
Direction
> OBJ, FACING, dir
where dir can be one of +X, -X, +Y or -Y
Size
> OBJ, WIDTH, wid
> OBJ, DEPTH, dep
> OBJ, HEIGHT, hig
where wd, dep and hig are the width, depth and height of the person object in m. The defaults are wid=0.4m, dep=0.25m and hig=1.8m for standing, and wid=0.4m, dep=0.5, hig=1.45m for sitting.
Source form
> OBJ, SOURCE-FORM, form
where form can be Total-heat or Fixed-temperature
Heat source
> OBJ, HEAT, Q
or
> OBJ, TEMPERATURE, T
where Q is the total heat release rate in W, and T is the temperature in Centigrade.
Initial Temperature
> OBJ, INI_TEMP, Tstart
where Tstart is the initial temperature in Centigrade.
Scalar source
> OBJ, INLET_scal, val
where scal is the name of the scalar, and val is its value. There will be one such line for each scalar.
The PEOPLE dialogs are described in section 3.1.7 above.
The people object can generate the following Q1 settings, in addition to the standard size and position settings.
Source form
> OBJ, SOURCE-FORM, form
where form can be Total-heat or Fixed-temperature
Heat source
> OBJ, HEAT, Q
or
> OBJ, TEMPERATURE, T
where Q is the total heat release rate in W, and T is the temperature in Centigrade.
Initial Temperature
> OBJ, INI_TEMP, Tstart
where Tstart is the initial temperature in Centigrade.
The TERRAIN object is basically a BLOCKAGE object with different default wall function and roughness heights. The full BLOCKAGE Q1 settings are described here.
Object type:
> OBJ, TYPE, TERRAIN
Wall function.
> OBJ, WALLCO, FULLY-ROUGH
Wall roughness.
> OBJ, ROUGH, 0.03
Height above floor for average velocity:
> OBJ, H_VABS, Hvabs
where Hvabs is the height above the floor of the room at which the average velocity is to be computed. If absent, a height of 1.2m is assumed. The floor is always the lowest Z plane within the room.
Store Air Exchange Efficiency: > OBJ,STORE_AEE, YES
When set to YES for any ROOM, the 3D variable AEE will be created and filled with the Air Exchange Efficiency for all ROOMs.
The RAINGAUGE object only creates the standard size and position settings.
The pollutant dialog is described in section 4.4 above.
The status of the five pollutant species is held in the NAME() and SOLVE() commands in Group 7 of variables 16 - 20. For example, if pollutants 1 and 2 are active, and have been given the names POL1 and POL2, the following lines will appear in Q1:
Group 7. Variables: STOREd,SOLVEd,NAMEd
NAME(16)=POL1
NAME(17)=POL2
SOLVE(POL1,POL2)
SOLUTN(POL1,Y,Y,Y,N,N,Y)
SOLUTN(POL2,Y,Y,Y,N,N,Y)
Group 11.Initialise Var/Porosity Fields
FIINIT(POL1)=0.
FIINIT(POL2)=0.
Group 17. Relaxation
RELAX(POL1,LINRLX,0.5 )
RELAX(POL2,LINRLX,0.5 )
RELAX(AER1,LINRLX,0.5 )
RELAX(AER2,LINRLX,0.5 )
If the calculation of mixture molecular weight has been activated, this will be noted in Group 19 as
SPEDAT(SET,FLAIR,MIXDEN,C,ON)
The molecular weights of the solved-for species are held as:
SPEDAT(SET,FLAIR,MW16,R,mol-weight-1)
SPEDAT(SET,FLAIR,MW17,R,mol-weight-2)
The molecular weight of the carrier is deduced from the normal density setting (the value of RHO1B).
The InForm commands for calculating the mixture molecular weight, storing it in GMIX and then using it to calculate the gas density are generated automatically by the Satellite and are not stored in Q1. They can be seen in Group 19 of Q1EAR or RESULT.
The Aerosol dialog is described in section 4.5 above.
The status of the five aerosol species is held in the NAME() and SOLVE() commands in Group 7 of variables 21 - 25. For example, if aerosols 1 and 2 are active, and have been given the names AER1 and AER2, the following lines will appear in Q1:
Group 7. Variables: STOREd,SOLVEd,NAMEd
NAME(21)=AER1
NAME(22)=AER2
SOLVE(AER1,AER2)
SOLUTN(AER1,Y,Y,Y,N,N,Y)
SOLUTN(AER2,Y,Y,Y,N,N,Y)
Group 11.Initialise Var/Porosity Fields
FIINIT(AER1)=0.
FIINIT(AER2)=0.
Group 17. Relaxation
RELAX(AER1,LINRLX,0.5 )
RELAX(AER2,LINRLX,0.5 )
If one of the deposition models has been activated, there will be a deposition source patch in Group 13:
Group 13. Boundary & Special Sources
PATCH(DFLUX, CELL, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1)
COVAL(DFLUX, AER1, GRND4, GRND4)
COVAL(DFLUX, AER2, GRND4, GRND4)
The Drift Flux Model is activated in Group 19, the deposition model is designated, and the aerosol densities and diameters are also set there
Group 13. Boundary & Special Sources
SPEDAT(SET,DFLUX,DFMODL,L,T) ! activate DFM
SPEDAT(SET,DFLUX,DEPOMOD,I,1) ! select deposition model
SPEDAT(SET,DFLUX,DENP1,R,dens_aer1) ! density
SPEDAT(SET,DFLUX,DIAP1,R,diam_aer1) ! diameter
SPEDAT(SET,DFLUX,DENP2,R,dens_aer2)
SPEDAT(SET,DFLUX,DIAP2,R,diam_are2)
The Flair Radiation Settings dialog is described in section 4.9 above.
If the gas absorption is set as 'linear with SMOK', the proportionality constant is held in Group 19 of Q1 as:
SPEDAT(SET,IMMERSOL,EMCON,R,constant)
where 'constant' is the value entered in the dialog box.
If the gas absorption is set as 'function of SMOK and temperature', the Group 19 of Q1 setting is:
SPEDAT(SET,IMMERSOL,EMCON,R,-1.0)
In the above cases the Inform commands to implement the expressions are generated automatically by the Satellite and are not stored in Q1. They can be seen in Group 19 of Q1EAR or RESULT.
If the gas absorption is set to 'InForm', then the Group 19 setting will be:
SPEDAT(SET,IMMERSOL,EMCON,R,0.0)
The formula entered by the user will be held in the > DOM section of Q1 in a line or lines like:
> DOM, INFSTO_EMIS, formula with condition
where 'formula' and 'condition' are expressions entered by the user.
If the Mean Age of Air calculation has been switched ON, as described in Section 4.8.11 above, the following Q1 settings are created in the Q1 file which the VR-Editor writes at the end of the interactive session:
Group 7. Variables: STOREd,SOLVEd,NAMEd
NAME(145)=AGE
SOLUTN(AGE,Y,Y,Y,N,N,Y)
Group 11.Initialise Var/Porosity Fields
FIINIT(AGE)=0.
Group 13. Boundary & Special Sources
PATCH(AGE, PHASEM, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, LSTEP)
COVAL(AGE, AGE, FIXFLU, 1.)
Group 17. Relaxation
RELAX(AGE ,FALSDT,100.)
Here the 0 arguments of the PATCH command signify that the source of tracer is spread throughout the domain. The second and third arguments of the COVAL command signify that a fixed flux of 1 kg.s-1 is to be supplied. The PHASEM argument of PATCH entails states that the source per cell is that flux multiplied by the mass of the phase (in this case air) within the cell.
At inflow and outflow boundaries, the external values of AGE are all defaulted to zero.
The AGE2 variable, which is used to compute the Air Exchange Effectiveness of a ROOM object is the same, except that values of zero are enforced at all inflows to each ROOM, even at open internal faces, such as when two rooms share a connecting open door.